Sandia National Laboratories

U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory; nuclear-weapons engineering and impact-physics expertise. Co-author institution on the 2026 LPSC Earth-to-Venus panspermia modeling study reported in src-venus-panspermia-earth-origin-2026-04 — supplied bolide-fragmentation (“pancake-model”) simulations used to estimate microbial transfer rates from Earth to Venus’s clouds.